Richard's encounter with the gang of boys who beat him up is an example of _____________.

Richard's encounter with the gang of boys who beat him up is an example of external conflict because it involves a struggle between Richard and an external force, in this case, the gang of boys. The conflict arises from the actions and intentions of the boys, causing physical harm to Richard. This conflict is external to Richard's own thoughts and emotions, as it involves an external entity that is causing harm and creating tension in the story.